The Prophet Mohammed was born in the Arabian city of Mecca, roughly 570 years after the birth of another famous prophet. ¹

The world he came into was hot, dry and largely pagan, or at the very least idolatrous.

Mohammed's early life is tinged with tragedy. ‘Abdullah, his father, had died several weeks before his birth, followed by the death of his mother Aminah around the age of six. The grandfather who had stepped in as Mohammed's father died shortly after.

He was taken in by his uncle Abu-Talib, whom the young Mohammed assists as a shepherd, caravaneer and shopkeeper.

At the age of 25, Mohammed married Khadijah, a rich widow, his senior (by three to fifteen years according to various sources) and his employer (a trader with Syria). Together they have six children but his two sons die young.

His profession as trader brought him into contact with many different groups, Jews, Christians, Chinese, Hindus and so on. He also became active in a charitable brotherhood organised by another uncle.

In AD 605, the Kaaba at Mecca was assaulted first by fire, then by torrential rain. Mohammed participated in its rebuilding, setting in place a black stone in one of its walls and prompting the tradition of circumambulation,² that occurs every year during the hadj or pilgrimage.³ After this episode, he spends a good deal of time in spiritual study.

For the next few years, he fasts, prays and meditates during the month of Ramadan in a mountain cave.⁴ Towards the end of one such retreat, Mohammed receives a vision from the angel Gabriel, who tells him he has been chosen to be God's messenger to mankind. After being instructed by the angel on the finer points of the message,⁵ Mohammed returns home deeply disturbed.

He was even more worried when he received no more visions for three years, during which time Mohammed devoted more and more time to prayer and meditation. When the visions returned, God told Mohammed to preach against evil, idolatry and to promote the virtues of monotheism and charity to the needy.

As his ministry in Mecca grew, he inevitably fell foul of the city's elders. Mohammed experiences the mi'raj, a vision in which he is received into Heaven and is witness to its wonders. He is given the Islamic ritual prayer, the salaat, to take to the people. Unfortunately, the people of Mecca and the city of Ta'if drive the Prophet off in a hail of stones.

In 622 of the Christian era, to escape persecution, Mohammed takes his supporters and heads for Medina (in a roundabout fashion).⁶ Mohammed and his followers travel extensively, taking his message to various tribes with varying degrees of success.

In Medina, Mohammed became both a spiritual and temporal leader, organising the wealthier of the local families and helping to establish Medina as a city-state, with a written constitution.

The following decade is marked by a series of small conflicts with rival cities and tribes, as well as expansion of support for Mohammed and the new religion. In 630, Mecca surrendered to Mohammed in the face of such odds. In spite of all the transgressions the Meccans had made against Mohammed and his followers, he chose to take no reprisal against them.

Mohammed made one final pilgrimage to Mecca in 632. There he gave a sermon to a large number of Muslims, a synopsis of Islam, the new faith. ⁷He spoke of belief in one God without images and symbols, the equality of believers, the importance of piety and selflessness, better treatment of women and equal distribution of wealth and inheritance.

Upon his return to Medina, Mohammed fell ill to fever, dying several weeks later.

At the time of his death, the Prophet left a new state with a new system of law and ethics balanced between the spiritual and temporal, and the peoples of Arabia, Iraq and Palestine united under a common religion.

Within a century, Islam and Mohammed's message would spread far beyond the desert sands, from Spain to China.